Kemalangan berlaku kira-kira 2 minggu lepas di Brazil, melibatkan kereta dan lori. Driver dan co-driver lori tersebut terselamat manakala pemandu kereta dan dua lagi penumpang maut. Salah seorang daripadanya sampai tertanggal kulit muka jadi macam topeng halloween.
Kari Ngeri
Hiduplah Dengan Pantas, Matilah Dengan Cepat, Dan Tinggalkan Mayat Yang Menarik
Blog ini hanya sesuai ditonton oleh mereka yang berusia 18 tahun ke atas sahaja kerana kandungannya yang terlalu ekstrem.
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X tdo mlm le diriku pasni.
pakai safety belt pun mati jugak tuh.. namanya eksiden,mati tetap mati..yang hidup tu,jum pakat beli kereta kebal..tak risau pasal eksiden ha ha..
tak tau nak komen apa dah
“la ni tak bleh buat hapa ha la duk ghumah ha la ramai org kata dia laju budak2 ni tak tau ni kita sayang kat depa”
komen ini perlukan undian
Komen ini perlukan undian.
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badan ok elok ja
kena pakai helmet la lepas ni
Skin is the soft outer covering of vertebrates. Other animal coverings such as the arthropod exoskeleton or the seashell have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous means “of the skin” (from Latin cutis, skin). In mammals, the skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs.[1] Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, and birds.[2] All mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals which appear to be hairless. The skin is one of the most important parts of the body because it interfaces with the environment and is the first line of defense from external factors. For example, the skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens[3] and excessive water loss.[4] Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, and the production of vitamin D folates. Severely damaged skin may heal by forming scar tissue. This is sometimes discoloured and depigmented. The thickness of skin also varies from location to location on an organism. In humans for example, the skin located under the eyes and around the eyelids is the thinnest skin in the body at 0.5 mm thick, and is one of the first areas to show signs of aging such as “crows feet” and wrinkles. The skin on the palms and the soles of the feet is 4 mm thick and the thickest skin in the body.
Fur is dense hair. Primarily, fur augments the insulation the skin provides but can also serve as a secondary sexual characteristic or as camouflage. On some animals, the skin is very hard and thick, and can be processed to create leather. Reptiles and fish have hard protective scales on their skin for protection, and birds have hard feathers, all made of tough β-keratins. Amphibian skin is not a strong barrier to passage of chemicals and is often subject to osmosis. For example, a frog sitting in an anesthetic solution could quickly go to sleep.
Skin performs the following functions:
Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defense; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system.[3][4]
Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that jump to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury (see somatosensory system and haptic perception).
Heat regulation: increase perfusion and heatloss, while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat. Erector pili muscles are significant in animals.
Control of evaporation: the skin provides a relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier to fluid loss.[4]
Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water
Absorption: oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in small amounts; some animals use their skin as their sole respiration organ (in humans, the cells comprising the outermost 0.25–0.40 mm of the skin are “almost exclusively supplied by external oxygen”, although the “contribution to total respiration is negligible”)[5]
Water resistance: The skin acts as a water resistant barrier so essential nutrients aren’t washed out of the body. The nutrients and oils that help hydrate our skin are covered by our most outer skin layer, the epidermis. This is helped in part by the sebaceous glands that release sebum, an oily liquid. Water itself will not cause the elimination of oils on the skin, because the oils residing in our dermis flow and would be affected by water without the epidermis.
Mammalian skin is composed of two primary layers:
the epidermis, which provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection; and
the dermis, which serves as a location for the appendages of skin;
Epidermis
Main article: Epidermis (skin)
The epidermis is composed of the outermost layers of the skin. It forms a protective barrier over the body’s surface, responsible for keeping water in the body and preventing pathogens from entering, and is a stratified squamous epithelium,[7] composed of proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal keratinocytes. The epidermis also helps the skin regulate body temperature.[citation needed]
Keratinocytes are the major cells, constituting 95% of the epidermis[7], while Merkel cells, melanocytes and Langerhans cells are also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following strata or layers (beginning with the outermost layer)[8]:
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (only in palms and soles)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum (also called the stratum basale)
Keratinocytes in the stratum basale proliferate through mitosis and the daughter cells move up the strata changing shape and composition as they undergo multiple stages of cell differentiation to eventually become anucleated. During that process keratinocytes will become highly organized, forming cellular junctions (desmosomes) between each other and secreting keratin proteins and lipids which contribute to the formation of an extracellular matrix and provide mechanical strength to the skin[9]. Keratinocytes from the stratum corneum are eventually shed from the surface (desquamation).
The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished by diffusion from blood capillaries extending to the upper layers of the dermis.
Basement membrane
Main article: basement membrane
The epidermis and dermis are separated by a thin sheet of fibers called the basement membrane, and is made through the action of both tissues. The basement membrane controls the traffic of cells and molecules between the dermis and epidermis but also serves, through the binding of a variety of cytokines and growth factors, as a reservoir for their controlled release during physiological remodeling or repair processes[10].
Dermis
Main article: Dermis
The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis provides tensile strength and elasticity to the skin through an extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibrils, microfibrils, and elastic fibers, embedded in proteoglycans[9].
It harbors many Mechanoreceptors (nerve endings) that provide the sense of touch and heat. It also contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as for the epidermis.
The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane and is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.
Papillary region
The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. This is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae, that extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a “bumpy” surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin.
Reticular region
The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity. Also located within the reticular region are the roots of the hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels.
Komen ini perlukan undian.
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skrillex,kau nih doktor kerr apa??…amboi amboi bukan main komen awak ye..mengalahkan gerabak keretapi di india sono..macam prof serba tau pula kau punya lagak ngeri nih kawan..
Bagus jugak skillrex..sekurang nya dpt jugak tahu serba sdkit pasal kulit etc….nk arapkan carri sndri mmg tak la kan hahahaha….sape2 mangsa simbah asid boleh beli kulit muka si mangsa di e bay sekiannn….
ha ha.. memang panjang mcm tu coz dia copy,bukan susah kan????..copy n paste utk jadikan komen dalam blog kari ngeri utk menunjukan betapa hebatnya awak..hu hu,betoi tak mr skrillexxxx..jan maree